Battle of Monterrey in the Mexican-American War

Battle of Monterrey in the Mexican-American War The Battle of Monterrey was fought September 21-24, 1846, during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and was the first major campaign of the conflict conducted on Mexican soil. Following the initial fighting in southern Texas, American troops led by Major General Zachary Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and pushed into northern Mexico with the goal of taking Monterrey. Nearing the city, Taylor was forced to launch assaults against its defenses as he lacked the artillery to conduct a siege. The resulting battle saw American troops capture the city after taking heavy casualties as they fought through Monterreys streets. American Preparations Following the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, American forces under Brigadier General Zachary Taylor relieved the siege of Fort Texas and crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico to capture Matamoros. In the wake of these engagements, the United States formally declared war on Mexico and efforts began to expand the U.S. Army to meet wartime needs. In Washington, President James K. Polk and Major General Winfield Scott commenced devising a strategy for winning the war. While Taylor received orders to push south into Mexico to capture Monterrey, Brigadier General John E. Wool was to march from  San Antonio, TX to Chihuahua. In addition to capturing territory, Wool would be in a position to support Taylors advance. A third column, led by Colonel Stephen W. Kearny, would depart Fort Leavenworth, KS and move southwest to secure Santa Fe before proceeding on to San Diego. To fill the ranks of these forces, Polk requested that Congress authorize the raising of 50,000 volunteers with recruitment quotas assigned to each state. The first of these ill-disciplined and rowdy troops reached Taylors camp shortly after the occupation of Matamoros. Additional units arrived through the summer and badly taxed Taylors logistical system. Lacking in training and overseen by officers of their choosing, the volunteers clashed with the regulars and Taylor struggled to keep the newly-arrived men in line. General Winfield Scott. Photograph Source: Public Domain Assessing the avenues of advance, Taylor, now a major general, elected to move his force of around 15,000 men up the Rio Grande to Camargo and then march 125 miles overland to Monterrey. The shift to Camargo proved difficult as the Americans battled extreme temperatures, insects, and river flooding. Though well-positioned for the campaign, Camargo lacked sufficient fresh water and it proved difficult to maintain sanitary conditions and prevent disease. The Mexicans Regroup As Taylor prepared to advance south, changes occurred in the Mexican command structure. Twice defeated in battle, General Mariano Arista was relieved from command of the Mexican Army of the North and ordered to face a court-martial. Departing, he was replaced by Lieutenant General Pedro de Ampudia. A native of Havana, Cuba, Ampudia had started his career with the Spanish but defected to the Mexican Army during the  Mexican War of Independence. Known for his cruelty and cunning in the field, he was ordered to establish a defensive line near Saltillo. Ignoring this directive, Ampudia instead elected to make a stand at Monterrey as defeats and numerous retreats had badly damaged the morale of the army. Battle of Monterrey Conflict: Mexican-American War (1846-1848)Dates: September 21-24, 1846Armies and Commanders:AmericansMajor General Zachary Taylor6,220 menMexicoLieutenant General Pedro de Ampudiaapprox. 10,000 menCasualties:Americans: 120 killed, 368 wounded, 43 missingMexicans: 367 killed and wounded Approaching the City Consolidating his army at Camargo, Taylor found that he only possessed wagons and pack animals to support around 6,600 men. As a result, the remainder of the army, many of whom were ill, was dispersed to garrisons along the Rio Grande while Taylor began his march south. Departing Camargo on August 19, the American vanguard was led by Brigadier General William J. Worth. Marching towards Cerralvo, Worths command was forced to widen and improve the roads for the men following. Moving slowly, the army reached the town on August 25 and after a pause pressed on to Monterrey. A Strongly Defended City Arriving just north of the city on September 19, Taylor moved the army into camp in an area dubbed Walnut Springs. A city of around 10,000 people, Monterrey was protected to the south by the Rio Santa Catarina and the mountains of the Sierra Madre. A lone road ran south along the river to Saltillo which served as the Mexicans primary line of supply and retreat. To defend the city, Ampudia possessed an impressive array of fortifications, the largest of which, the Citadel, was north of Monterrey and formed from an unfinished cathedral. The northeast approach to the city was covered by an earthwork dubbed La Teneria while the eastern entrance was protected by Fort Diablo. On the opposite side of Monterrey, the western approach was defended by Fort Libertad atop Independence Hill. Across the river and to the south, a redoubt and Fort Soldado sat atop Federation Hill and protected the road to Saltillo. Utilizing intelligence gathered by his chief engineer, Major Joseph K. F. Mansfield, Taylor found that while the defenses were strong, they were not mutually supporting and that Ampudias reserves would have difficulty covering the gaps between them. Attacking With this in mind, he determined that many of the strong points could be isolated and taken. While military convention called for siege tactics, Taylor had been forced to leave his heavy artillery at the Rio Grande. As a result, he planned a double envelopment of the city with his men striking at the eastern and western approaches. To carry this out, he re-organized the army into four divisions under Worth, Brigadier General David Twiggs, Major General William Butler, and Major General J. Pinckney Henderson. Short on artillery, he assigned the bulk to Worth while assigning the remainder to Twiggs. The armys only indirect fire weapons, a mortar and two howitzers, remained under Taylors personal control. Major General William J. Worth. National Archives and Records Administration For the battle, Worth was instructed to take his division, with Hendersons mounted Texas Division in support, on a wide flanking maneuver to the west and south with the goal of severing the Saltillo road and attacking the city from the west. To support this movement, Taylor planned a diversionary strike on the citys eastern defenses. Worths men began moving out around 2:00 PM on September 20. Fighting began the next morning around 6:00 AM when Worths column was attacked by Mexican cavalry. These assaults were beaten off, though his men came under increasingly heavy fire from Independence and Federation Hills. Resolving that these would need to be taken before the march could continue, he directed troops to cross the river and attack the more lightly defended Federation Hill. Storming the hill, the Americans succeeded in taking the crest and capturing Fort Soldado. Hearing firing, Taylor advanced Twiggs and Butlers divisions against the northeastern defenses. Finding that Ampudia would not come out and fight, he began an attack on this part of the city (Map). A Costly Victory As Twiggs was ill, Lieutenant Colonel John Garland led elements of his division forward. Crossing an open expanse under fire, they entered the city but began taking heavy casualties in street fighting. To the east, Butler was wounded though his men succeeded in taking La Teneria in heavy fighting. By nightfall, Taylor had secured footholds on both sides of the city. The next day, the fighting focused on the western side of Monterrey as Worth conducted a successful assault on Independence Hill which saw his men take Fort Libertad and an abandoned bishops palace known as the Obispado. U.S. Army troops attack through the streets of Monterrey, 1846. Public Domain   Around midnight, Ampudia ordered the remaining outer works, with the exception of the Citadel, to be abandoned (Map). The next morning, American forces began attacking on both fronts. Having learned from the casualties sustained two days earlier, they avoided fighting in the streets and instead advanced by knocking holes through the walls of adjoining buildings. Though a tedious process, they steadily pushed the Mexican defenders back towards the citys main square. Arriving within two blocks, Taylor ordered his men to halt and fall back slightly as he was concerned about civilian casualties in the area. Sending his lone mortar to Worth, he directed that one shell be fired at the square every twenty minutes. As this slow shelling began, the local governor requested permission for noncombatants to leave the city. Effectively surrounded, Ampudia asked for surrender terms around midnight. Aftermath In the fighting for Monterrey, Taylor lost 120 killed, 368 wounded, and 43 missing. Mexican losses totaled around 367 killed and wounded. Entering surrender negotiations, the two sides agreed to terms that called for Ampudia to surrender the city in exchange for an eight-week armistice and allowing his troops to go free. Taylor consented to the terms largely because he was deep in enemy territory with a small army that had just taken significant losses. Learning of Taylors actions, President James K. Polk was irate stating that army’s job was to â€Å"kill the enemy† and not to make deals. In the wake of Monterrey, much of Taylor’s army was stripped away to be used in an invasion of central Mexico. Left with the remnants of his command, he won a stunning victory at the Battle of Buena Vista on February 23, 1847.

Brighton Rock by Graham Green Essay Example

Brighton Rock by Graham Green Essay Example Brighton Rock by Graham Green Essay Brighton Rock by Graham Green Essay The world is filled with different types of people with different beliefs. There are people who do good because of religious beliefs or superstitions. There are people who do bad because they are filled with anger and the belief that people have damned them and done them wrong.And then there are people who make choices based on their simple belief of right and wrong. In the novel â€Å"Brighton Rock† written by Graham Green you will see how a kind hearted antagonist puts her own life in danger to fight for justice for a stranger who died because she fell under the simple category of believing in â€Å"right and wrong. One day, Ida Arnold was drinking at a pub she regularly frequented. What she did not realize was that this day would be different than any other day. She had no idea that when Fred Hale walked into the bar, the next weeks would be filled with excitement, sadness, heroism, unexpected riches and danger. Ida was always looking out for people. She was a kind soul and this proved no different with Fred Hale, the man she met just that day. Her journey begins when Fred, aka Kolley Kibber, came to her town to place his Messenger cards throughout Brighton Rock. This was his job. It was supposed to be a regular day but proved to be his last day. Pinkie, the new leader of Kite’s mob spotted him in the bar where Ida was singing. Pinkie approached Fred Hale who begged him not to tell any of the mobsters that he had come to town. They had a vengeance against him. Pinkie felt no sympathy for him as he was filled with evil. Ida Arnold was singing at the bar which was the reason Fred entered the establishment to begin with. He heard her singing from the street and was taken by her immediately and she by him. Fred, knowing that he was in immediate danger and needed to escape, convinced Ida into going on a date with him that day. He needed a decoy and she was an unsuspecting trusting women. As they walked though town they discussed their

William Hill Marketing Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

William Hill Marketing Management - Case Study Example The mission of William Hill is to reach a  wider target audience and expend internationally. The potential markets of William Hill include Scandinavian countries where competition will be less than in other European countries. In the  UK, William Hill's marketing strategy can be based on students target audience. Service quality is used as a strategic weapon and the aim of William Hill is to maintain high-quality standards at costs lower than competitors'. Betting industry has maintained high-speed growth through the continuous optimization of its product/service mix and constant technological innovation. It has also realized rapid expansion through capital injections. Present day situation in betting industry is marked by two factor - specification, which is to do with the 'design quality' of service, and conformity, which is to do with the 'process' quality which is achieved are of particular importance to customers. Recent years the  UK has become a new center of world gambling. "The major firms, Ladbrokes, William Hill and Coral (the "Big Three"), who dominated the old world, now look like dinosaurs in the new landscape" (UK Betting Industry, 2004). This expansion is closely connected with Internet facilities and WWW which open international markets for these companies. "Spread betting firms have been increasing their share of the total betting market over the past three to four years eroding the high-end phone/net business" (UK Betting Industry, 2004). Be in one of the most highly rated industries for stability and success, betting industry offers an opportunity to everyone who wants to earn a high return. Recent years, a special attention has been paid to the law regulating gambling in order to secure customers and competitors in the industry (William Hill takes online betting further overseas, 2005). Segmentation (Johnson, Scholes, 1998) allows William Hill to divide up its market into customer groups or segments. Customers within a segment are similar to each other and dissimilar to other groups of customers in other segments. Consumer segmentation is: Non-user; Competitor's customer; low-value customer; high-value customer. Today, William Hill orients on the particular geographic area. In general, UK market represents an individual geographic market that offers great opportunities. Increasingly market researchers are turning to lifestyle analysis as a means of generating a clearer picture of their customers' behavior and thus their tendency to purchase different types of product. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) An examination of how strategy is formed gives useful insights into the nature of strategy itself. SWOT helps to analyze the position of a firm at a particular moment in time. The strength of William Hill airlines is that its goods obtained a very competitive position in the UK market. The brand has a hard core of loyal supporters. It develops lines of services to satisfy the needs of the wide audience, low-cost of the services. William Hill has maintained high-speed growth through the continuous optimization of its service mix and constant technological innovation (online services). In general, the UK betting market shows the highest rate of economic growth around the world.